Universal
Declaration
of
Human
Rights
Adopted
and
proclaimed
by
United
Nations
General
Assembly
resolution
217
A
(III)
of
10
December
1948
PREAMBLE
Whereas
recognition
of
the
inherent
dignity
and
of
the
equal
and
inalienable
rights
of
all
members
of
the
human
family
is
the
foundation
of
freedom,
justice
and
peace
in
the
world,
Whereas
disregard
and
contempt
for
human
rights
have
resulted
in
barbarous
acts
which
have
outraged
the
conscience
of
mankind,
and
the
advent
of
a
world
in
which
human
beings
shall
enjoy
freedom
of
speech
and
belief
and
freedom
from
fear
and
want
has
been
proclaimed
as
the
highest
aspiration
of
the
common
people,
Whereas
it
is
essential,
if
man
is
not
to
be
compelled
to
have
recourse,
as
a
last
resort,
to
rebellion
against
tyranny
and
oppression,
that
human
rights
should
be
protected
by
the
rule
of
law,
Whereas
it
is
essential
to
promote
the
development
of
friendly
relations
between
nations,
Whereas
the
peoples
of
the
United
Nations
have
in
the
Charter
reaffirmed
their
faith
in
fundamental
human
rights,
in
the
dignity
and
worth
of
the
human
person
and
in
the
equal
rights
of
men
and
women
and
have
determined
to
promote
social
progress
and
better
standards
of
life
in
larger
freedom,
Whereas
Member
States
have
pledged
themselves
to
achieve,
in
co-operation
with
the
United
Nations,
the
promotion
of
universal
respect
for
and
observance
of
human
rights
and
fundamental
freedoms,
Whereas
a
common
understanding
of
these
rights
and
freedoms
is
of
the
greatest
importance
for
the
full
realization
of
this
pledge,
Now,
Therefore
THE
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
proclaims
THIS
UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION
OF
HUMAN
RIGHTS
as
a
common
standard
of
achievement
for
all
peoples
and
all
nations,
to
the
end
that
every
individual
and
every
organ
of
society,
keeping
this
Declaration
constantly
in
mind,
shall
strive
by
teaching
and
education
to
promote
respect
for
these
rights
and
freedoms
and
by
progressive
measures,
national
and
international,
to
secure
their
universal
and
effective
recognition
and
observance,
both
among
the
peoples
of
Member
States
themselves
and
among
the
peoples
of
territories
under
their
jurisdiction.
Article
1.
All
human
beings
are
born
free
and
equal
in
dignity
and
rights.They
are
endowed
with
reason
and
conscience
and
should
act
towards
one
another
in
a
spirit
of
brotherhood.
Article
2.
Everyone
is
entitled
to
all
the
rights
and
freedoms
set
forth
in
this
Declaration,
without
distinction
of
any
kind,
such
as
race,
colour,
sex,
language,
religion,
political
or
other
opinion,
national
or
social
origin,
property,
birth
or
other
status.
Furthermore,
no
distinction
shall
be
made
on
the
basis
of
the
political,
jurisdictional
or
international
status
of
the
country
or
territory
to
which
a
person
belongs,
whether
it
be
independent,
trust,
non-self-governing
or
under
any
other
limitation
of
sovereignty.
Article
3.
Everyone
has
the
right
to
life,
liberty
and
security
of
person.
Article
4.
No
one
shall
be
held
in
slavery
or
servitude;
slavery
and
the
slave
trade
shall
be
prohibited
in
all
their
forms.
Article
5.
No
one
shall
be
subjected
to
torture
or
to
cruel,
inhuman
or
degrading
treatment
or
punishment.
Article
6.
Everyone
has
the
right
to
recognition
everywhere
as
a
person
before
the
law.
Article
7.
All
are
equal
before
the
law
and
are
entitled
without
any
discrimination
to
equal
protection
of
the
law.
All
are
entitled
to
equal
protection
against
any
discrimination
in
violation
of
this
Declaration
and
against
any
incitement
to
such
discrimination.
Article
8.
Everyone
has
the
right
to
an
effective
remedy
by
the
competent
national
tribunals
for
acts
violating
the
fundamental
rights
granted
him
by
the
constitution
or
by
law.
Article
9.
No
one
shall
be
subjected
to
arbitrary
arrest,
detention
or
exile.
Article
10.
Everyone
is
entitled
in
full
equality
to
a
fair
and
public
hearing
by
an
independent
and
impartial
tribunal,
in
the
determination
of
his
rights
and
obligations
and
of
any
criminal
charge
against
him.
Article
11.
(1)
Everyone
charged
with
a
penal
offence
has
the
right
to
be
presumed
innocent
until
proved
guilty
according
to
law
in
a
public
trial
at
which
he
has
had
all
the
guarantees
necessary
for
his
defence.
(2)
No
one
shall
be
held
guilty
of
any
penal
offence
on
account
of
any
act
or
omission
which
did
not
constitute
a
penal
offence,
under
national
or
international
law,
at
the
time
when
it
was
committed.
Nor
shall
a
heavier
penalty
be
imposed
than
the
one
that
was
applicable
at
the
time
the
penal
offence
was
committed.
Article
12.
No
one
shall
be
subjected
to
arbitrary
interference
with
his
privacy,
family,
home
or
correspondence,
nor
to
attacks
upon
his
honour
and
reputation.
Everyone
has
the
right
to
the
protection
of
the
law
against
such
interference
or
attacks.
Article
13.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
freedom
of
movement
and
residence
within
the
borders
of
each
state.
(2)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
leave
any
country,
including
his
own,
and
to
return
to
his
country.
Article
14.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
seek
and
to
enjoy
in
other
countries
asylum
from
persecution.
(2)
This
right
may
not
be
invoked
in
the
case
of
prosecutions
genuinely
arising
from
non-political
crimes
or
from
acts
contrary
to
the
purposes
and
principles
of
the
United
Nations.
Article
15.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
a
nationality.
(2)
No
one
shall
be
arbitrarily
deprived
of
his
nationality
nor
denied
the
right
to
change
his
nationality.
Article
16.
(1)
Men
and
women
of
full
age,
without
any
limitation
due
to
race,
nationality
or
religion,
have
the
right
to
marry
and
to
found
a
family.
They
are
entitled
to
equal
rights
as
to
marriage,
during
marriage
and
at
its
dissolution.
(2)
Marriage
shall
be
entered
into
only
with
the
free
and
full
consent
of
the
intending
spouses.
(3)
The
family
is
the
natural
and
fundamental
group
unit
of
society
and
is
entitled
to
protection
by
society
and
the
State.
Article
17.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
own
property
alone
as
well
as
in
association
with
others.
(2)
No
one
shall
be
arbitrarily
deprived
of
his
property.
Article
18.
Everyone
has
the
right
to
freedom
of
thought,
conscience
and
religion;
this
right
includes
freedom
to
change
his
religion
or
belief,
and
freedom,
either
alone
or
in
community
with
others
and
in
public
or
private,
to
manifest
his
religion
or
belief
in
teaching,
practice,
worship
and
observance.
Article
19.
Everyone
has
the
right
to
freedom
of
opinion
and
expression;
this
right
includes
freedom
to
hold
opinions
without
interference
and
to
seek,
receive
and
impart
information
and
ideas
through
any
media
and
regardless
of
frontiers.
Article
20.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
freedom
of
peaceful
assembly
and
association.
(2)
No
one
may
be
compelled
to
belong
to
an
association.
Article
21.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
take
part
in
the
government
of
his
country,
directly
or
through
freely
chosen
representatives.
(2)
Everyone
has
the
right
of
equal
access
to
public
service
in
his
country.
(3)
The
will
of
the
people
shall
be
the
basis
of
the
authority
of
government;
this
will
shall
be
expressed
in
periodic
and
genuine
elections
which
shall
be
by
universal
and
equal
suffrage
and
shall
be
held
by
secret
vote
or
by
equivalent
free
voting
procedures.
Article
22.
Everyone,
as
a
member
of
society,
has
the
right
to
social
security
and
is
entitled
to
realization,
through
national
effort
and
international
co-operation
and
in
accordance
with
the
organization
and
resources
of
each
State,
of
the
economic,
social
and
cultural
rights
indispensable
for
his
dignity
and
the
free
development
of
his
personality.
Article
23.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
work,
to
free
choice
of
employment,
to
just
and
favourable
conditions
of
work
and
to
protection
against
unemployment.
(2)
Everyone,
without
any
discrimination,
has
the
right
to
equal
pay
for
equal
work.
(3)
Everyone
who
works
has
the
right
to
just
and
favourable
remuneration
ensuring
for
himself
and
his
family
an
existence
worthy
of
human
dignity,
and
supplemented,
if
necessary,
by
other
means
of
social
protection.
(4)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
form
and
to
join
trade
unions
for
the
protection
of
his
interests.
Article
24.
Everyone
has
the
right
to
rest
and
leisure,
including
reasonable
limitation
of
working
hours
and
periodic
holidays
with
pay.
Article
25.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
a
standard
of
living
adequate
for
the
health
and
well-being
of
himself
and
of
his
family,
including
food,
clothing,
housing
and
medical
care
and
necessary
social
services,
and
the
right
to
security
in
the
event
of
unemployment,
sickness,
disability,
widowhood,
old
age
or
other
lack
of
livelihood
in
circumstances
beyond
his
control.
(2)
Motherhood
and
childhood
are
entitled
to
special
care
and
assistance.
All
children,
whether
born
in
or
out
of
wedlock,
shall
enjoy
the
same
social
protection.
Article
26.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
education.
Education
shall
be
free,
at
least
in
the
elementary
and
fundamental
stages.
Elementary
education
shall
be
compulsory.
Technical
and
professional
education
shall
be
made
generally
available
and
higher
education
shall
be
equally
accessible
to
all
on
the
basis
of
merit.
(2)
Education
shall
be
directed
to
the
full
development
of
the
human
personality
and
to
the
strengthening
of
respect
for
human
rights
and
fundamental
freedoms.
It
shall
promote
understanding,
tolerance
and
friendship
among
all
nations,
racial
or
religious
groups,
and
shall
further
the
activities
of
the
United
Nations
for
the
maintenance
of
peace.
(3)
Parents
have
a
prior
right
to
choose
the
kind
of
education
that
shall
be
given
to
their
children.
Article
27.
(1)
Everyone
has
the
right
freely
to
participate
in
the
cultural
life
of
the
community,
to
enjoy
the
arts
and
to
share
in
scientific
advancement
and
its
benefits.
(2)
Everyone
has
the
right
to
the
protection
of
the
moral
and
material
interests
resulting
from
any
scientific,
literary
or
artistic
production
of
which
he
is
the
author.
Article
28.
Everyone
is
entitled
to
a
social
and
international
order
in
which
the
rights
and
freedoms
set
forth
in
this
Declaration
can
be
fully
realized.
Article
29.
(1)
Everyone
has
duties
to
the
community
in
which
alone
the
free
and
full
development
of
his
personality
is
possible.
(2)
In
the
exercise
of
his
rights
and
freedoms,
everyone
shall
be
subject
only
to
such
limitations
as
are
determined
by
law
solely
for
the
purpose
of
securing
due
recognition
and
respect
for
the
rights
and
freedoms
of
others
and
of
meeting
the
just
requirements
of
morality,
public
order
and
the
general
welfare
in
a
democratic
society.
(3)
These
rights
and
freedoms
may
in
no
case
be
exercised
contrary
to
the
purposes
and
principles
of
the
United
Nations.
Article
30.
Nothing
in
this
Declaration
may
be
interpreted
as
implying
for
any
State,
group
or
person
any
right
to
engage
in
any
activity
or
to
perform
any
act
aimed
at
the
destruction
of
any
of
the
rights
and
freedoms
set
forth
herein.
